최신 CIMAPRO19-CS3-1 무료덤프 - CIMA Strategic Case Study
William Seaton, the Director of Finance stopped you in the corridor a week after the Head Geologist's announcement that reserves had been overstated:
"We informed the stock exchange that our reserves had been downgraded and our share price has taken a solid hit. We need to work towards making sure that this is never repeated.
The Board is actively considering some changes that we hope will improve our forecasting system. I am not convinced that the suggestions will work. Frankly, if we could predict the future with certainty then I would have us stop looking for oil and start selling forecasts.
I would like you to work through the proposals that have been put forward and to recommend on their adoption, with changes if you think it necessary. The issues that we are most seriously considering are:
* A suggestion that Big Data could be used to monitor oil prices. Do you think this would be a sensible way to proceed?
* A suggestion that we should update our reserves information on the company website in real time. Do you think that would be an effective communication strategy?
* Finally, we have considered a number of issues surrounding the motivation and inspiration of our geologists. Two quite distinct schemes have been proposed. Firstly, some Board members believe that our geologists should be rewarded in relation to the accuracy of their forecasts. Bonuses will be paid on the basis of correct initial evaluation of wells. The bonus will increase if a well that was initially identified as commercially viable goes into production and will decrease if a well that was classified as viable is reclassified as unproductive.
Secondly, other members of the Board believe that there should be a greater degree of accountability on the part of geologists. The incorrect classification of a well's potential could be treated as a disciplinary matter. Please provide a detailed analysis of EACH of those suggestions."
"We informed the stock exchange that our reserves had been downgraded and our share price has taken a solid hit. We need to work towards making sure that this is never repeated.
The Board is actively considering some changes that we hope will improve our forecasting system. I am not convinced that the suggestions will work. Frankly, if we could predict the future with certainty then I would have us stop looking for oil and start selling forecasts.
I would like you to work through the proposals that have been put forward and to recommend on their adoption, with changes if you think it necessary. The issues that we are most seriously considering are:
* A suggestion that Big Data could be used to monitor oil prices. Do you think this would be a sensible way to proceed?
* A suggestion that we should update our reserves information on the company website in real time. Do you think that would be an effective communication strategy?
* Finally, we have considered a number of issues surrounding the motivation and inspiration of our geologists. Two quite distinct schemes have been proposed. Firstly, some Board members believe that our geologists should be rewarded in relation to the accuracy of their forecasts. Bonuses will be paid on the basis of correct initial evaluation of wells. The bonus will increase if a well that was initially identified as commercially viable goes into production and will decrease if a well that was classified as viable is reclassified as unproductive.
Secondly, other members of the Board believe that there should be a greater degree of accountability on the part of geologists. The incorrect classification of a well's potential could be treated as a disciplinary matter. Please provide a detailed analysis of EACH of those suggestions."
정답:
Complete your answer and submit
Two months have passed since the threatened disruption of the building work on the biomass power station. The threat has been resolved and work is again under way on the development.
You have received the following email from Peter Sorchi, CEO:
From: Peter Sorchi, Chief Executive Officer
To: Senior Finance Manager
Subject: Wildlife survey
Hi,
I tried to obtain some trustworthy advice from your boss this afternoon, but have come away feeling quite unsure that we are on the same wavelength.
As you know, the law in Marland is very clear concerning the protection of rare species of wildlife. Before building work commences on our new power station the Government will send a survey team to check for the presence of protected species. The attached article shows how sensitive an issue this can be.
As part of our corporate social responsibility, every one of Wodd's forestry teams has a small team of wildlife officers, whose job is to survey the forest and to identify all natural habitats. Trees can grow undisturbed for many years in a commercial forest before they are harvested and so natural habitats can become well established. Our wildlife surveys enable us to limit the harm done when trees are felled.
One of Wodd's wildlife officers in the North Forest has submitted a report on the sighting of a rare species of bat in the area that will be cleared for the power station. The report states that these creatures tend to be difficult to observe because they only come out very late at night and tend to roost in dense forest. This could, potentially, delay the start of work for six months while the bats are captured and relocated. Relocating the bats will also be expensive.
The Finance Director's advice was to ask the wildlife officer to change the report, stating that the original version was submitted in error and that the sighting occurred in a completely different part of the forest, well away from the planned construction site. There is only a small possibility that the Government inspectors will find the bats during their own inspection. In the event that they do then Wodd can claim that it was unaware of the bats' presence.
This whole exchange raises a number of issues for me.
* Should we spend shareholder money on protecting wildlife in our forests?
* What are the implications for our internal control system of the Finance Director asking for this report to be changed?
* What are the difficulties in motivating our wildlife officers and how might we overcome these?
* The Chairman is always complaining about how the executive directors are too aggressive when it comes to making a profit. How might I address that concern?
I would appreciate your response on each of the above issues.
Peter
You have received the following email from Peter Sorchi, CEO:
From: Peter Sorchi, Chief Executive Officer
To: Senior Finance Manager
Subject: Wildlife survey
Hi,
I tried to obtain some trustworthy advice from your boss this afternoon, but have come away feeling quite unsure that we are on the same wavelength.
As you know, the law in Marland is very clear concerning the protection of rare species of wildlife. Before building work commences on our new power station the Government will send a survey team to check for the presence of protected species. The attached article shows how sensitive an issue this can be.
As part of our corporate social responsibility, every one of Wodd's forestry teams has a small team of wildlife officers, whose job is to survey the forest and to identify all natural habitats. Trees can grow undisturbed for many years in a commercial forest before they are harvested and so natural habitats can become well established. Our wildlife surveys enable us to limit the harm done when trees are felled.
One of Wodd's wildlife officers in the North Forest has submitted a report on the sighting of a rare species of bat in the area that will be cleared for the power station. The report states that these creatures tend to be difficult to observe because they only come out very late at night and tend to roost in dense forest. This could, potentially, delay the start of work for six months while the bats are captured and relocated. Relocating the bats will also be expensive.
The Finance Director's advice was to ask the wildlife officer to change the report, stating that the original version was submitted in error and that the sighting occurred in a completely different part of the forest, well away from the planned construction site. There is only a small possibility that the Government inspectors will find the bats during their own inspection. In the event that they do then Wodd can claim that it was unaware of the bats' presence.
This whole exchange raises a number of issues for me.
* Should we spend shareholder money on protecting wildlife in our forests?
* What are the implications for our internal control system of the Finance Director asking for this report to be changed?
* What are the difficulties in motivating our wildlife officers and how might we overcome these?
* The Chairman is always complaining about how the executive directors are too aggressive when it comes to making a profit. How might I address that concern?
I would appreciate your response on each of the above issues.
Peter
정답:
Complete your answer and submit
Topic 1, Wodd
Company Background
You are a Senior Finance Manager employed by Wodd.
Wodd is a forestry company that invests in forestry projects and adds value through participation in associated industries, such as the manufacture of paper. The company was formed in 1983, when a large area of forest was sold to a consortium of wealthy individuals who had established a company to undertake the purchase.
Over time, the company grew and the original founders sold their shares. Wodd has been quoted since 2002.
Wodd is based in Marland, a European country whose currency is the M$. Marland is heavily industrialised in the South, but has large uninhabited areas in the North. Its climate is temperate and is well suited to growing timber.
Wodd
Extracts from integrated report for the year ended 30 September 2015
About our report
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Wodd's Board is committed to strong corporate governance and leadership as well as transparency in its disclosures. Over the coming years, Wodd will continue to review its reporting approach and routines, to ensure it meets best practice reporting standards, the expectations of its stakeholders and maintains the visibility of how the Group creates sustainable value for the communities it serves.
Strategic report
Wodd operates in the forestry industry. Wodd's activities include forestry management, harvesting timber and project work, such as helping to create amenity woodlands and forests.
Forestry Management
Wodd manages its own forests and also those of its clients. It is accredited by the Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM) for managing sustainable forests.
The client management side of the business consists of forestry-related matters such as harvesting trees and replanting. Wodd can sell harvested timber on behalf of clients. Wodd also advises on taxation and grant applications.
Taxation and Grants
There are grants available for planting and fencing forests. Some grants are awarded by the Forestry Authority of Marland and some come from Government.
There are considerable tax benefits from buying and managing a forest in Marland. No income tax is paid when trees are felled and sold. No capital gains tax is paid if the forest is managed and sold in its entirety in the future. Investing in forestry can be extremely tax efficient for wealthy investors. Wodd has considerable expertise in advising on the tax aspects of forestry ownership.
Harvesting
Wodd fells standing timber in its own forests and on behalf of clients. Cutting down trees and replanting can enhance the health of a forest. Letting light penetrate to the forest floor encourages biodiversity. Removing diseased trees can reduce the risk of problems spreading. Gaps between stands of trees can act as firebreaks.
Wood is also a sustainable crop. The material itself has many uses. Mature trees absorb very little carbon dioxide, whereas freshly planted trees will capture carbon dioxide whilst they are growing.
Wodd has invested in the latest heavy logging machinery that can fell trees and strip their branches. This equipment is suited to clearing areas of trees. Individual trees are still cut down manually with chainsaws.
Forestry work is often carried out in remote areas and can be dangerous.
Projects
Wodd does considerable work with the Forestry Authority of Marland. The Forestry Authority offers substantial grants towards planting and for fencing.
Wodd has undertaken projects on behalf of the Forestry Authority of Marland to create amenity forests. Typically, this involves making picnic areas, footpaths and cycle paths in existing forests in order to encourage the public to use them for leisure and enjoyment.
Chairman's statement
In 2014 the company focused on stabilising its results after a number of difficult years in recession. The company has set its sights on achieving long-term stable returns from its activities with steady improvements in key areas to build a strong future for Wodd.
The company continued to strengthen its position in the markets and regions where it operates. Wodd is gaining an international reputation for excellent forest management which it hopes to enhance in the future.
Volatility in the US Dollar against the $M caused us some problems over the last year. It is hoped that the economic uncertainties that led to this will settle down.
The company has built on its core strengths and has now had the management of all its forests accredited.
Wodd has engaged in some new planting projects over the past year which have all gone well. The more stable weather during the winter meant we did not have much wind-blow and did not have to replant many areas.
The increase in house building and construction has seen an increase in demand for timber and Wodd has benefitted from this and from the increase in timber prices due to this demand. This has helped to sustain the profits that were so welcome last year.
The Forestry Authority in Marland commended our efforts to increase the sustainability of our forests. By replanting areas we have harvested with fast-growing Sitka Spruce, we have improved our carbon storage by 3% in 2014. This was greater than expected.
We entered into two projects last year assisting the Forestry Authority to improve the amenity forests in the north of Marland. These projects were completed during the year and have resulted in a 40% increase in the visitors to the forests; the cycle tracks and picnic areas have been especially popular.
The last few years have been challenging for Wodd. However, we believe the long-term fundamentals are now in place for Wodd to deliver its goal of steady long-term returns on its investments which it can pass on for the benefit of its shareholders.
Sustainability
Wodd's investment objective is to invest in assets which can be established and managed on an environmentally and socially sustainable basis.
We have invested in forests and have emphasised sustainability in all aspects of their management, including ensuring that the responsible harvesting of trees does not exceed the ability of the land to regenerate itself once replanted.
Social responsibility
Sustainability is a key factor in all investment decisions. We aim to manage our forests to the highest standards. Our expectation is that Wodd will be a net planter of trees, with the number of living trees increasing over time in all of our forests.
We aim:
*to obtain all existing accreditation for responsible and sustainable forest management and always aim to exceed all industry and regulatory standards.
*for a clear and constructive dialogue with local communities and other stakeholders. We are proud of our achievements and are keen to communicate these as widely as possible.
*to combine sound economic stewardship with our stewardship of natural resources. We provide shareholders with sustainable dividends and capital growth while ensuring that we do not do so at a significant environmental cost.
Our strategy and objectives
Our mission is to be the world leader in sustainable forestry management.
Our long-term strategy continues to be to:
1. Provide stable, long-term returns to our investors.
2. Be the preferred supplier of raw wood-based materials to a broad customer base.
3. Be the leading player in the forest industry regarding environmental and social conduct.
4. Expand existing and develop new large-scale projects.
5. Seek new ways of working to improve the sustainability of forests in the future.
Code of conduct
Stakeholders - We work with all of our stakeholders, ensuring woodlands and forests meet the needs of present and future society.
Respect - We value our colleagues and our stakeholders, valuing diversity and treating everyone with consideration.
Professional behaviour - We act with integrity and objectivity to achieve high standards of health and safety, quality and sustainability in everything we do.
Learning and development - We are always learning, developing the skills and knowledge to support the company.
Communication - We are open and honest with colleagues and with our stakeholders.
Environment - We seek to protect the environment for the enjoyment of both people and wildlife in the future.
Stakeholder engagement
The communities in Marland trust us. That is the foundation of our business.
We have built up trust by integrating corporate social responsibility and sustainability into the way we run our company.
We have incorporated ten principles (see page 23) into our working practices. These encourage responsible behaviour in the areas of the environment, anti- corruption, our workforce and human rights.
Our sustainable forestry management practices are long-term investments building value for our company and the society of Marland. We have strict targets that we strive to achieve on carbon storage and are now in surplus when we take into account our harvesting and transportation emissions.
We aim to make our forests and woodlands attractive and healthy places that can be visited and enjoyed. We offer basic facilities such as woodland paths, picnic sites and cycle tracks. We locate these away from areas where timber is being harvested so that visitors are safe at all times.
We actively seek to improve the environment by sustainable planting while improving the return to our shareholders.
Employees
Our employees are our greatest asset. They add a huge amount of value to Wodd. They work together as a team to ensure Wodd runs efficiently and effectively.
We have a diverse group of employees. Some of our best lumberjacks have worked with us for over 30 years. The work is hard, but they enjoy the communal spirit and work ethic encouraged by Wodd. Lumberjacks work in small groups in remote areas, sometimes camping for several weeks. They are happy to continue this work even though it can be difficult and dangerous.
Wodd encourages safe working practices and training.
We have been improving our gender balance, although there are still too few women working in the forests. We are pleased that we now have a number of female senior employees and directors.
Customer relevance
Being aware of our customers' needs has played a large part in our steady growth over the last few years. We value our customers and work hard at understanding their needs.
Our customers support sustainable forestry and are proud of our accredited status. We listened to our customers when they said they wanted to protect the environment and they have repaid us with their loyalty. Our customer base has increased over the last few years as they know we work to create value for them. We seek to generate value in all aspects of our business while continuing to offer excellent quality.
Customer care and satisfaction
We opened a customer care department to respond to customer queries and complaints quickly. Its focus is to respond to customer queries and complaints within an agreed time frame which depends on the complexity of the query. We are proud that we responded to 97.5% of queries within the agreed timeframe.
The number of repeat queries has fallen considerably as a result of this initiative.
Risks and uncertainties
Fluctuating demand
Wodd's principal activities rely on demand for timber, which is a basic raw material used in many industries.
Some of our customers operate in volatile or cyclical industries. For example, the building industry buys significant quantities of timber and timber-based products. The building industry can be affected significantly by movements in economic indicators such as interest rates, the availability of credit and the property market.
Selling prices fall in response to declining demand for timber. Wodd can reduce production in response because there is very little point in selling timber when prices are low. However, there are economies of scale associated with operating at higher capacities and so we can suffer increased costs when we manage output in this way.
The company regularly reviews the movement in market prices and seeks to obtain the best value for the company's products from existing and new customers.
International business
Many countries import large quantities of timber and their economies can further affect demand.
Apart from fluctuations in their economies, our ability to export to particular markets can be affected by trade disputes, tariffs, import restrictions and so on.
Exchange rate fluctuations
The company is exposed to foreign exchange risk. Pulpwood is priced in USD which can be volatile against the M$.
Wodd is able to utilise financial instruments to hedge against adverse currency movements; there is no guarantee that it will be possible to hedge against a particular change at an acceptable price, or that any attempt to hedge would be successful.
Employee safety
Forestry workers are highly skilled. Harvesting timber in a safe and efficient manner requires training and experience. Working in forests can be difficult and dangerous and we provide advanced safety training for all our lumberjacks. We make sure we have the most advanced safety equipment available for the workforce.
However, there is the risk that serious accidents can occur in remote areas which could be serious. We are insured fully for accidents.
Labour relations
Our forestry workers are unionised. There is an annual negotiation cycle for determining pay and working conditions. The involvement of the union tends to ensure that all companies in the industry pay broadly similar rates.
Production will be affected in the event that an agreement cannot be reached with union negotiators. It would be difficult to locate suitable temporary staff during a strike and the logistics of timber production would make industrial action, such as picketing vehicle entrances, highly effective.
Physical risks
Wodd may experience the impact of physical risks associated with forest assets such as fire, insect infestation or wind-blow in extreme weather.
Wodd's forests are managed, or insured as appropriate, in a manner to mitigate these. Advice on insect infestation is taken from the Forestry Authority.
Tax
Changes to tax and grant regimes governing forestry would have an adverse effect on the number of customers interested in investing in forestry and planting.
Changes in certain tax and grant regimes may adversely affect Wodd's financial performance.
Board of Directors
Peter Sorchi, Chief Executive Officer
Peter has had a long and successful career in forestry. He started in the industry 30 years ago and worked in the forests in Scotland for several years before starting his own business managing forests for the UK's Forestry Commission. He became involved in the certification of forests in the UK and regularly inspected woodlands for the Forestry Commission. He left Scotland and moved to Marland where he joined Wodd as a senior manager in charge of certification.
He joined the Board as Forestry Director in 2008 and became CEO in 2012.
Ibrahim Bengassa - Forestry Director
Ibrahim has been Forestry Director since 2013, having previously been the forestry manager in a large plantation in Nigeria.
Ibrahim has had a number of prestigious roles in the forestry trade. As Forestry Director, his role is to manage the forests and look after the investors.
Marcus Svenson - Finance Director
Marcus is a professionally qualified accountant. He also holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting.
He joined Wodd's Board in 2008 after working in a number of senior roles in the timber industry in Sweden.
Sarah Johns - Marketing Director
Sarah has a degree in Marketing and has two prestigious awards for marketing gained when she previously worked for a major US company, rising to a senior managerial position.
She joined the company as Marketing Director in 2014.
Dr Maritza Lenzo - Human Resources Director
Maritza holds a Masters degree in Human Resource Management and she is a Fellow of the Marland Institute of Personnel and Development.
She has served in a variety of different entities. She joined the Wodd Board in 2013.
Dr Anton Carlov- Non-executive Chairman
Anton holds a Doctorate in Forestry Management and he is a Master of Business Administration.
He was a senior manager in a forestry management group in Siberia and became a director of it in 2008. Anton retired in 2014 and Wodd's Board was delighted to welcome such a prestigious person to serve as non-executive Chairman.
Dr Carlov is a highly respected business person in Marland and wider afield.
He chairs both the Audit and Remuneration committees.
Stuart McLellan - Non-executive director
Stuart has been a non-executive director on Wodd's Board since 2012. He worked in the timber industry in Canada for 15 years before joining Wodd. He worked as a lumberjack and safety officer for most of this time.
Stuart sits on the Health and Safety, Audit and Remuneration committees.
Xai Ling - Non-executive director
Xai was appointed a non-executive director in 2013. He also has experience in the timber trade. He worked in one of China's largest building companys as a timber buyer. He is a member of the Health and Safety committee and the Nomination committee.
Lianne Edwards - Non-executive director
Lianne has been a non-executive member of Wodd's Board since 2012. She is also a non-executive director of a major Croatian sawmill. She has had a long and distinguished association with that company, having served as senior purchasing manager for 15 years. Lianne sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration committees.
Regulatory bodies
The Forestry Authority of Marland
The mission of the Forestry Authority of Marland is to provide an ecological framework for the promotion of a healthy and cleaner environment for future generations by expanding forests and improving sustainable forest management.
The Authority offers partnership opportunities for forestry companies to create amenity woodlands for Marland, so that everyone can enjoy the benefits of the outdoors.
The Authority encourages forestry management companies to become accredited by the Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM).
The Authority offers grants for planting and fencing forestry plantations and also offers assistance in applying for government forestry grants.
It offers advice on insect infestation in forests and other matters of sound stewardship of forests.
The Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland
The Forest Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM) exists to support the responsible management of Marland's forests. We are a non-profit making and independent organisation.
FSCM publishes standards that promote environmentally sound and socially responsible development of forest lands. Companies who adhere to our standards are eligible to use our logo on their promotional materials and to display it on their products.
Consumers are increasingly concerned with the safe and responsible sourcing of timber-based products. The FSCM logo reassures customers that they are not contributing to the irresponsible destruction of forest lands, with associated harm to the environment and natural habitats.
The FSCM's has developed ten principles, which form the basis for our standard setting programme. These principles are listed below:
Principle 1 - Compliance with laws and FSCM Principles
Those responsible for forestry management shall respect all applicable laws of the country in which they operate and shall comply with all FSCM Principles and Criteria.
Principle 2 - Rights and responsibilities
The right to exploit land and any associated forestry resources shall be formally documented so that the legal right to conduct operations can be demonstrated.
Principle 3 - Respect for indigenous peoples
Those responsible for forestry management shall recognise and respect the legal and customary rights of indigenous peoples to own, use and manage their lands and other resources.
Principle 4 - Respect for employees and local communities
The social and economic wellbeing of forestry workers and of local communities shall be preserved.
Principle 5 - Good use of available resources
Those responsible for forestry management shall identify the various resources that can be found in the forest, with a view to maximising environmental and social benefits.
Principle 6 - Environmental impact
Those responsible for forestry management shall maintain biological diversity and shall preserve resources such as water, soil and other ecological resources.
Principle 7 - Management plan
Forestry lands shall be managed in accordance with a specific management plan that states the long-term objectives of management and the means by which they will be achieved. The plan will be tailored to the land and the nature and scale of operations.
Principle 8 - Monitoring and assessment
Those responsible for forestry management shall monitor operations so that the economic and environmental effects of operations are kept under review.
Principle 9 - Sensitive locations
Particular care will be taken in the management of activities in forests that have a high conservation value. Those responsible will pay particular attention to maintaining and enhancing the factors that create that high value.
Principle 10 - Plantations
Principles 1 to 9 apply equally to plantations. In addition, those responsible for the creation and management of plantations shall aim to complement the value of natural forests.
Press clippings
Topic 1, Wodd
Company Background
You are a Senior Finance Manager employed by Wodd.
Wodd is a forestry company that invests in forestry projects and adds value through participation in associated industries, such as the manufacture of paper. The company was formed in 1983, when a large area of forest was sold to a consortium of wealthy individuals who had established a company to undertake the purchase.
Over time, the company grew and the original founders sold their shares. Wodd has been quoted since 2002.
Wodd is based in Marland, a European country whose currency is the M$. Marland is heavily industrialised in the South, but has large uninhabited areas in the North. Its climate is temperate and is well suited to growing timber.
Wodd
Extracts from integrated report for the year ended 30 September 2015
About our report
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Wodd's Board is committed to strong corporate governance and leadership as well as transparency in its disclosures. Over the coming years, Wodd will continue to review its reporting approach and routines, to ensure it meets best practice reporting standards, the expectations of its stakeholders and maintains the visibility of how the Group creates sustainable value for the communities it serves.
Strategic report
Wodd operates in the forestry industry. Wodd's activities include forestry management, harvesting timber and project work, such as helping to create amenity woodlands and forests.
Forestry Management
Wodd manages its own forests and also those of its clients. It is accredited by the Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM) for managing sustainable forests.
The client management side of the business consists of forestry-related matters such as harvesting trees and replanting. Wodd can sell harvested timber on behalf of clients. Wodd also advises on taxation and grant applications.
Taxation and Grants
There are grants available for planting and fencing forests. Some grants are awarded by the Forestry Authority of Marland and some come from Government.
There are considerable tax benefits from buying and managing a forest in Marland. No income tax is paid when trees are felled and sold. No capital gains tax is paid if the forest is managed and sold in its entirety in the future. Investing in forestry can be extremely tax efficient for wealthy investors. Wodd has considerable expertise in advising on the tax aspects of forestry ownership.
Harvesting
Wodd fells standing timber in its own forests and on behalf of clients. Cutting down trees and replanting can enhance the health of a forest. Letting light penetrate to the forest floor encourages biodiversity. Removing diseased trees can reduce the risk of problems spreading. Gaps between stands of trees can act as firebreaks.
Wood is also a sustainable crop. The material itself has many uses. Mature trees absorb very little carbon dioxide, whereas freshly planted trees will capture carbon dioxide whilst they are growing.
Wodd has invested in the latest heavy logging machinery that can fell trees and strip their branches. This equipment is suited to clearing areas of trees. Individual trees are still cut down manually with chainsaws.
Forestry work is often carried out in remote areas and can be dangerous.
Projects
Wodd does considerable work with the Forestry Authority of Marland. The Forestry Authority offers substantial grants towards planting and for fencing.
Wodd has undertaken projects on behalf of the Forestry Authority of Marland to create amenity forests. Typically, this involves making picnic areas, footpaths and cycle paths in existing forests in order to encourage the public to use them for leisure and enjoyment.
Chairman's statement
In 2014 the company focused on stabilising its results after a number of difficult years in recession. The company has set its sights on achieving long-term stable returns from its activities with steady improvements in key areas to build a strong future for Wodd.
The company continued to strengthen its position in the markets and regions where it operates. Wodd is gaining an international reputation for excellent forest management which it hopes to enhance in the future.
Volatility in the US Dollar against the $M caused us some problems over the last year. It is hoped that the economic uncertainties that led to this will settle down.
The company has built on its core strengths and has now had the management of all its forests accredited.
Wodd has engaged in some new planting projects over the past year which have all gone well. The more stable weather during the winter meant we did not have much wind-blow and did not have to replant many areas.
The increase in house building and construction has seen an increase in demand for timber and Wodd has benefitted from this and from the increase in timber prices due to this demand. This has helped to sustain the profits that were so welcome last year.
The Forestry Authority in Marland commended our efforts to increase the sustainability of our forests. By replanting areas we have harvested with fast-growing Sitka Spruce, we have improved our carbon storage by 3% in 2014. This was greater than expected.
We entered into two projects last year assisting the Forestry Authority to improve the amenity forests in the north of Marland. These projects were completed during the year and have resulted in a 40% increase in the visitors to the forests; the cycle tracks and picnic areas have been especially popular.
The last few years have been challenging for Wodd. However, we believe the long-term fundamentals are now in place for Wodd to deliver its goal of steady long-term returns on its investments which it can pass on for the benefit of its shareholders.
Sustainability
Wodd's investment objective is to invest in assets which can be established and managed on an environmentally and socially sustainable basis.
We have invested in forests and have emphasised sustainability in all aspects of their management, including ensuring that the responsible harvesting of trees does not exceed the ability of the land to regenerate itself once replanted.
Social responsibility
Sustainability is a key factor in all investment decisions. We aim to manage our forests to the highest standards. Our expectation is that Wodd will be a net planter of trees, with the number of living trees increasing over time in all of our forests.
We aim:
*to obtain all existing accreditation for responsible and sustainable forest management and always aim to exceed all industry and regulatory standards.
*for a clear and constructive dialogue with local communities and other stakeholders. We are proud of our achievements and are keen to communicate these as widely as possible.
*to combine sound economic stewardship with our stewardship of natural resources. We provide shareholders with sustainable dividends and capital growth while ensuring that we do not do so at a significant environmental cost.
Our strategy and objectives
Our mission is to be the world leader in sustainable forestry management.
Our long-term strategy continues to be to:
1. Provide stable, long-term returns to our investors.
2. Be the preferred supplier of raw wood-based materials to a broad customer base.
3. Be the leading player in the forest industry regarding environmental and social conduct.
4. Expand existing and develop new large-scale projects.
5. Seek new ways of working to improve the sustainability of forests in the future.
Code of conduct
Stakeholders - We work with all of our stakeholders, ensuring woodlands and forests meet the needs of present and future society.
Respect - We value our colleagues and our stakeholders, valuing diversity and treating everyone with consideration.
Professional behaviour - We act with integrity and objectivity to achieve high standards of health and safety, quality and sustainability in everything we do.
Learning and development - We are always learning, developing the skills and knowledge to support the company.
Communication - We are open and honest with colleagues and with our stakeholders.
Environment - We seek to protect the environment for the enjoyment of both people and wildlife in the future.
Stakeholder engagement
The communities in Marland trust us. That is the foundation of our business.
We have built up trust by integrating corporate social responsibility and sustainability into the way we run our company.
We have incorporated ten principles (see page 23) into our working practices. These encourage responsible behaviour in the areas of the environment, anti- corruption, our workforce and human rights.
Our sustainable forestry management practices are long-term investments building value for our company and the society of Marland. We have strict targets that we strive to achieve on carbon storage and are now in surplus when we take into account our harvesting and transportation emissions.
We aim to make our forests and woodlands attractive and healthy places that can be visited and enjoyed. We offer basic facilities such as woodland paths, picnic sites and cycle tracks. We locate these away from areas where timber is being harvested so that visitors are safe at all times.
We actively seek to improve the environment by sustainable planting while improving the return to our shareholders.
Employees
Our employees are our greatest asset. They add a huge amount of value to Wodd. They work together as a team to ensure Wodd runs efficiently and effectively.
We have a diverse group of employees. Some of our best lumberjacks have worked with us for over 30 years. The work is hard, but they enjoy the communal spirit and work ethic encouraged by Wodd. Lumberjacks work in small groups in remote areas, sometimes camping for several weeks. They are happy to continue this work even though it can be difficult and dangerous.
Wodd encourages safe working practices and training.
We have been improving our gender balance, although there are still too few women working in the forests. We are pleased that we now have a number of female senior employees and directors.
Customer relevance
Being aware of our customers' needs has played a large part in our steady growth over the last few years. We value our customers and work hard at understanding their needs.
Our customers support sustainable forestry and are proud of our accredited status. We listened to our customers when they said they wanted to protect the environment and they have repaid us with their loyalty. Our customer base has increased over the last few years as they know we work to create value for them. We seek to generate value in all aspects of our business while continuing to offer excellent quality.
Customer care and satisfaction
We opened a customer care department to respond to customer queries and complaints quickly. Its focus is to respond to customer queries and complaints within an agreed time frame which depends on the complexity of the query. We are proud that we responded to 97.5% of queries within the agreed timeframe.
The number of repeat queries has fallen considerably as a result of this initiative.
Risks and uncertainties
Fluctuating demand
Wodd's principal activities rely on demand for timber, which is a basic raw material used in many industries.
Some of our customers operate in volatile or cyclical industries. For example, the building industry buys significant quantities of timber and timber-based products. The building industry can be affected significantly by movements in economic indicators such as interest rates, the availability of credit and the property market.
Selling prices fall in response to declining demand for timber. Wodd can reduce production in response because there is very little point in selling timber when prices are low. However, there are economies of scale associated with operating at higher capacities and so we can suffer increased costs when we manage output in this way.
The company regularly reviews the movement in market prices and seeks to obtain the best value for the company's products from existing and new customers.
International business
Many countries import large quantities of timber and their economies can further affect demand.
Apart from fluctuations in their economies, our ability to export to particular markets can be affected by trade disputes, tariffs, import restrictions and so on.
Exchange rate fluctuations
The company is exposed to foreign exchange risk. Pulpwood is priced in USD which can be volatile against the M$.
Wodd is able to utilise financial instruments to hedge against adverse currency movements; there is no guarantee that it will be possible to hedge against a particular change at an acceptable price, or that any attempt to hedge would be successful.
Employee safety
Forestry workers are highly skilled. Harvesting timber in a safe and efficient manner requires training and experience. Working in forests can be difficult and dangerous and we provide advanced safety training for all our lumberjacks. We make sure we have the most advanced safety equipment available for the workforce.
However, there is the risk that serious accidents can occur in remote areas which could be serious. We are insured fully for accidents.
Labour relations
Our forestry workers are unionised. There is an annual negotiation cycle for determining pay and working conditions. The involvement of the union tends to ensure that all companies in the industry pay broadly similar rates.
Production will be affected in the event that an agreement cannot be reached with union negotiators. It would be difficult to locate suitable temporary staff during a strike and the logistics of timber production would make industrial action, such as picketing vehicle entrances, highly effective.
Physical risks
Wodd may experience the impact of physical risks associated with forest assets such as fire, insect infestation or wind-blow in extreme weather.
Wodd's forests are managed, or insured as appropriate, in a manner to mitigate these. Advice on insect infestation is taken from the Forestry Authority.
Tax
Changes to tax and grant regimes governing forestry would have an adverse effect on the number of customers interested in investing in forestry and planting.
Changes in certain tax and grant regimes may adversely affect Wodd's financial performance.
Board of Directors
Peter Sorchi, Chief Executive Officer
Peter has had a long and successful career in forestry. He started in the industry 30 years ago and worked in the forests in Scotland for several years before starting his own business managing forests for the UK's Forestry Commission. He became involved in the certification of forests in the UK and regularly inspected woodlands for the Forestry Commission. He left Scotland and moved to Marland where he joined Wodd as a senior manager in charge of certification.
He joined the Board as Forestry Director in 2008 and became CEO in 2012.
Ibrahim Bengassa - Forestry Director
Ibrahim has been Forestry Director since 2013, having previously been the forestry manager in a large plantation in Nigeria.
Ibrahim has had a number of prestigious roles in the forestry trade. As Forestry Director, his role is to manage the forests and look after the investors.
Marcus Svenson - Finance Director
Marcus is a professionally qualified accountant. He also holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Accounting.
He joined Wodd's Board in 2008 after working in a number of senior roles in the timber industry in Sweden.
Sarah Johns - Marketing Director
Sarah has a degree in Marketing and has two prestigious awards for marketing gained when she previously worked for a major US company, rising to a senior managerial position.
She joined the company as Marketing Director in 2014.
Dr Maritza Lenzo - Human Resources Director
Maritza holds a Masters degree in Human Resource Management and she is a Fellow of the Marland Institute of Personnel and Development.
She has served in a variety of different entities. She joined the Wodd Board in 2013.
Dr Anton Carlov- Non-executive Chairman
Anton holds a Doctorate in Forestry Management and he is a Master of Business Administration.
He was a senior manager in a forestry management group in Siberia and became a director of it in 2008. Anton retired in 2014 and Wodd's Board was delighted to welcome such a prestigious person to serve as non-executive Chairman.
Dr Carlov is a highly respected business person in Marland and wider afield.
He chairs both the Audit and Remuneration committees.
Stuart McLellan - Non-executive director
Stuart has been a non-executive director on Wodd's Board since 2012. He worked in the timber industry in Canada for 15 years before joining Wodd. He worked as a lumberjack and safety officer for most of this time.
Stuart sits on the Health and Safety, Audit and Remuneration committees.
Xai Ling - Non-executive director
Xai was appointed a non-executive director in 2013. He also has experience in the timber trade. He worked in one of China's largest building companys as a timber buyer. He is a member of the Health and Safety committee and the Nomination committee.
Lianne Edwards - Non-executive director
Lianne has been a non-executive member of Wodd's Board since 2012. She is also a non-executive director of a major Croatian sawmill. She has had a long and distinguished association with that company, having served as senior purchasing manager for 15 years. Lianne sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration committees.
Regulatory bodies
The Forestry Authority of Marland
The mission of the Forestry Authority of Marland is to provide an ecological framework for the promotion of a healthy and cleaner environment for future generations by expanding forests and improving sustainable forest management.
The Authority offers partnership opportunities for forestry companies to create amenity woodlands for Marland, so that everyone can enjoy the benefits of the outdoors.
The Authority encourages forestry management companies to become accredited by the Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM).
The Authority offers grants for planting and fencing forestry plantations and also offers assistance in applying for government forestry grants.
It offers advice on insect infestation in forests and other matters of sound stewardship of forests.
The Forestry Stewardship Council of Marland
The Forest Stewardship Council of Marland (FSCM) exists to support the responsible management of Marland's forests. We are a non-profit making and independent organisation.
FSCM publishes standards that promote environmentally sound and socially responsible development of forest lands. Companies who adhere to our standards are eligible to use our logo on their promotional materials and to display it on their products.
Consumers are increasingly concerned with the safe and responsible sourcing of timber-based products. The FSCM logo reassures customers that they are not contributing to the irresponsible destruction of forest lands, with associated harm to the environment and natural habitats.
The FSCM's has developed ten principles, which form the basis for our standard setting programme. These principles are listed below:
Principle 1 - Compliance with laws and FSCM Principles
Those responsible for forestry management shall respect all applicable laws of the country in which they operate and shall comply with all FSCM Principles and Criteria.
Principle 2 - Rights and responsibilities
The right to exploit land and any associated forestry resources shall be formally documented so that the legal right to conduct operations can be demonstrated.
Principle 3 - Respect for indigenous peoples
Those responsible for forestry management shall recognise and respect the legal and customary rights of indigenous peoples to own, use and manage their lands and other resources.
Principle 4 - Respect for employees and local communities
The social and economic wellbeing of forestry workers and of local communities shall be preserved.
Principle 5 - Good use of available resources
Those responsible for forestry management shall identify the various resources that can be found in the forest, with a view to maximising environmental and social benefits.
Principle 6 - Environmental impact
Those responsible for forestry management shall maintain biological diversity and shall preserve resources such as water, soil and other ecological resources.
Principle 7 - Management plan
Forestry lands shall be managed in accordance with a specific management plan that states the long-term objectives of management and the means by which they will be achieved. The plan will be tailored to the land and the nature and scale of operations.
Principle 8 - Monitoring and assessment
Those responsible for forestry management shall monitor operations so that the economic and environmental effects of operations are kept under review.
Principle 9 - Sensitive locations
Particular care will be taken in the management of activities in forests that have a high conservation value. Those responsible will pay particular attention to maintaining and enhancing the factors that create that high value.
Principle 10 - Plantations
Principles 1 to 9 apply equally to plantations. In addition, those responsible for the creation and management of plantations shall aim to complement the value of natural forests.
Press clippings
Daily Gazette
Celebrities flock to release tax returns
Comedian Madd Wilkins is the latest celebrity to post his tax returns online. The comedian earned M$1,600,000 from his sell-out tour and from the sale of DVDs. He paid tax of M$608,000 on that income. The comedian quipped, "there's nothing funny about paying tax, but then there's nothing very funny about my act either so it's only fair that I should pay the full whack".
Public concern about the tax benefits enjoyed by wealthy celebrities using artificial schemes such as investing in forestry to minimise their tax bills has led to closing tax loopholes topping the political agend a. Many wealthy individuals have volunteered their tax files in order to reassure the public that they are not benefitting from such schemes.
Celebrities flock to release tax returns
Comedian Madd Wilkins is the latest celebrity to post his tax returns online. The comedian earned M$1,600,000 from his sell-out tour and from the sale of DVDs. He paid tax of M$608,000 on that income. The comedian quipped, "there's nothing funny about paying tax, but then there's nothing very funny about my act either so it's only fair that I should pay the full whack".
Public concern about the tax benefits enjoyed by wealthy celebrities using artificial schemes such as investing in forestry to minimise their tax bills has led to closing tax loopholes topping the political agend a. Many wealthy individuals have volunteered their tax files in order to reassure the public that they are not benefitting from such schemes.
정답:
Complete your answer and submit
Memorandum of Understanding between Fouce Oil and Slide
It is proposed that Fouce Oil and Slide will temporarily combine their exploration activities, with Slide taking overall control in recognition of the greater expertise of its professional exploration staff.
This collaboration will work as follows:
1. Slide will take responsibility for the management and operation of all future exploration activities for the two companies, with effect from 1 October 2015.
2. Fouce Oil will second all of its professional oil exploration staff to Slide. Fouce will continue to employ these staff and will pay their salaries.
3. Slide will brief Fouce Oil's professional oil exploration staff on all operational matters relating to exploration activities for the duration of this arrangement.
4. The provisions of paragraph 3 will apply to any projects in which Slide participates with third parties on a farm-in or other joint venture basis.
5. In recognition of Slide's greater expertise, Fouce Oil will offer its entire portfolio of existing exploration rights to this venture, without any charge to Slide. Fouce Oil will also pay for 55% of any and all exploration costs, leaving Slide responsible for the remaining 45%.
6. The revenues from all successful discoveries will be shared equally by Slide and Fouce Oil. In the event that either party wishes to sell an oil well, the other will have the option of purchasing the other's rights for 50% of the well's agreed valuation.
7. This arrangement will be subject to review at the end of five years and annually thereafter. In the event that either party wishes to discontinue the arrangement, all ongoing exploration projects will be drawn to an orderly conclusion.
Signed
Thomas Yip, Chief Executive Officer, Fouce Oil
Andrew Jones, Chief Executive Officer, Slide
14 May 2015
It is proposed that Fouce Oil and Slide will temporarily combine their exploration activities, with Slide taking overall control in recognition of the greater expertise of its professional exploration staff.
This collaboration will work as follows:
1. Slide will take responsibility for the management and operation of all future exploration activities for the two companies, with effect from 1 October 2015.
2. Fouce Oil will second all of its professional oil exploration staff to Slide. Fouce will continue to employ these staff and will pay their salaries.
3. Slide will brief Fouce Oil's professional oil exploration staff on all operational matters relating to exploration activities for the duration of this arrangement.
4. The provisions of paragraph 3 will apply to any projects in which Slide participates with third parties on a farm-in or other joint venture basis.
5. In recognition of Slide's greater expertise, Fouce Oil will offer its entire portfolio of existing exploration rights to this venture, without any charge to Slide. Fouce Oil will also pay for 55% of any and all exploration costs, leaving Slide responsible for the remaining 45%.
6. The revenues from all successful discoveries will be shared equally by Slide and Fouce Oil. In the event that either party wishes to sell an oil well, the other will have the option of purchasing the other's rights for 50% of the well's agreed valuation.
7. This arrangement will be subject to review at the end of five years and annually thereafter. In the event that either party wishes to discontinue the arrangement, all ongoing exploration projects will be drawn to an orderly conclusion.
Signed
Thomas Yip, Chief Executive Officer, Fouce Oil
Andrew Jones, Chief Executive Officer, Slide
14 May 2015
정답:
Complete your answer and submit
Topic 3, Norland Telegraph (NEW)
Arrfield targeted by environmentalists
Environmental campaigners have criticized fuel suppliers at Norland's airports for selling aviation fuel more cheaply than in other countries The N$ is strong, making it possible to import fuel more cheaply Most suppliers are passing some of the savings on to airlines in order to boost revenues.
Airlines are responding by buying more when they refuel aircraft in Norland This means they need to buy less fuel for the return flight from their destination Environmentalists are concerned because this means that aircraft are carrying tonnes more fuel on their outward journeys and so consume more fuel and cause more pollution in the process.
Airlines refer to this as "tankerage" because aircraft are effectively acting as fuel tankers on their outbound journeys An airline spokesperson defended the practice, stating that it is a cheaper way to fly even though fuel consumption is increased.
Topic 3, Norland Telegraph (NEW)
Arrfield targeted by environmentalists
Environmental campaigners have criticized fuel suppliers at Norland's airports for selling aviation fuel more cheaply than in other countries The N$ is strong, making it possible to import fuel more cheaply Most suppliers are passing some of the savings on to airlines in order to boost revenues.
Airlines are responding by buying more when they refuel aircraft in Norland This means they need to buy less fuel for the return flight from their destination Environmentalists are concerned because this means that aircraft are carrying tonnes more fuel on their outward journeys and so consume more fuel and cause more pollution in the process.
Airlines refer to this as "tankerage" because aircraft are effectively acting as fuel tankers on their outbound journeys An airline spokesperson defended the practice, stating that it is a cheaper way to fly even though fuel consumption is increased.
Two weeks have passed since the article about Wodd's role in tax avoidance was published. Thankfully, the initial reaction was to condemn the celebrities who invest in tax avoidance and little was said about Wodd's role in facilitating tax-efficient investments.
You have received the following email from Sarah Johns, Marketing Director:
From: Sarah Johns, Marketing Director
To: Senior Finance Manager
Subject: Forestry certification
Hi,
I am told that you would be a good person to talk to concerning the practical implications of a new venture that has been proposed.
I have attached a sales brochure that I downloaded from Tabel's website. Tabel is a competing forestry company that has similar interests to our own. It has recently launched the certification scheme that it has described in its brochure. It has no competition for this certification in Marland because no other company has sought the qualifications required to offer an accredited Forest Certification Service.
Wodd has the necessary skills to offer a credible Forest Certification Service. Our forestry managers already aim to exceed all of the requirements set out by the global body. We also have a well-resourced internal audit department. I believe that we could transfer either forestry managers or internal auditors to a new external certification department. The transferred staff would complete the training required by the global body and would sit the associated examinations. We could then compete with Tabel's service.
I need your advice on the following:
Could you explain how you imagine that a typical certification investigation would work and the skills that it would require? That will help us to decide whether to approach forestry managers or internal auditors and will also enable us to describe the work that they would be doing if they agreed to be transferred.
What are the challenges associated with motivating and evaluating the investigators in the certification service and how might we address these?
Sarah
Reference Material:
You have received the following email from Sarah Johns, Marketing Director:
From: Sarah Johns, Marketing Director
To: Senior Finance Manager
Subject: Forestry certification
Hi,
I am told that you would be a good person to talk to concerning the practical implications of a new venture that has been proposed.
I have attached a sales brochure that I downloaded from Tabel's website. Tabel is a competing forestry company that has similar interests to our own. It has recently launched the certification scheme that it has described in its brochure. It has no competition for this certification in Marland because no other company has sought the qualifications required to offer an accredited Forest Certification Service.
Wodd has the necessary skills to offer a credible Forest Certification Service. Our forestry managers already aim to exceed all of the requirements set out by the global body. We also have a well-resourced internal audit department. I believe that we could transfer either forestry managers or internal auditors to a new external certification department. The transferred staff would complete the training required by the global body and would sit the associated examinations. We could then compete with Tabel's service.
I need your advice on the following:
Could you explain how you imagine that a typical certification investigation would work and the skills that it would require? That will help us to decide whether to approach forestry managers or internal auditors and will also enable us to describe the work that they would be doing if they agreed to be transferred.
What are the challenges associated with motivating and evaluating the investigators in the certification service and how might we address these?
Sarah
Reference Material:
정답:
Complete your answer and submit
Topic 2, Slide Company
Pre-seen case study
You are a senior Finance Manager who works for the Slide Group ('Slide'). You report directly to the parent company's Board and advise on special projects and strategic matters. You have compiled the following facts about the company.
Slide - company Background
Slide was founded in 1954 by Henry Jones. His family owned a large piece of land on a Caribbean Island and a chance discovery revealed the possibility of oil deposits under that land. The family registered Slide as a company to raise finance in order to explore this opportunity and the subsequent find exceeded all expectations.
The success of this first venture encouraged the Jones family, who owned 75% of Slide's equity shares at that time, to purchase oil exploration rights and to conduct exploratory drilling. The company soon developed considerable expertise in the successful purchase and exploitation of exploration rights.
Henry Jones' family lived in Kayland, a European country. Slide was listed on Kayland's stock exchange in 1965. Henry Jones was Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Slide until 1976. He was replaced by his son, Michael, who served as CEO until 1998. Michael's nephew, Andrew Jones, took over and continues as CEO.
Over the years, the ownership interest of the founding family has declined. Some of their shares were placed on the stock exchange when the company was first listed. Since then, various holdings have been sold. By 2015, Andrew Jones retained 10% of the issued equity and a further 8% was retained by a number of other relatives.
Fouce Oil, an Asian company based in Country C and listed on C's stock market, purchased 25% of Slide's equity in 2010. At the time, Fouce Oil made a formal public announcement that it would not purchase further equity shares in Slide. In response to this assurance, Fouce Oil has the right to select two Non-executive Directors to serve on Slide's Board.
The Slide Group has wholly owned subsidiaries operating in seven countries around the world. Each subsidiary is responsible for acquiring oil exploration rights in its host country and arranging for the necessary work to be undertaken in order to explore for oil.
Kayland's home currency is the K$.
The oil industry operates on a global basis and virtually all transactions are priced in terms of United States Dollar (USD). Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
3 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Oil Exploration
Crude oil is created by natural processes. Organic matter that is trapped underground and compressed while it decomposes can form pools of crude oil over a period of millions of years. The time taken for oil to be created through this process means that it is effectively irreplaceable once it has been extracted and consumed.
Natural gas is formed by the same process. Oil wells often have a pocket of gas trapped above the well. The pressure from the gas can be used to force oil to the surface once a well has been drilled into the rock.
Natural gas can be collected and distributed as a fuel or it can sometimes be regarded as a by-product of oil.
The process of searching for oil requires an understanding of geology. Geologists have discovered that certain types of rock formations are associated with the presence of oil. Geologists conduct surveys that include the analysis of the fossils that can indicate that an area was once rich in the plant and animal life that could have provided the organic matter required for the creation of oil.
Oil fields can be discovered on land or under the sea. Exploration and drilling for oil is possible in either setting, with each offering its own challenges.
If an oil company believes that an area is worth exploring then it must seek permission from the owner of the mineral rights, who is not necessarily the owner of that land or stretch of water at surface level. In some countries the government owns all mineral rights. In other countries it is possible for the surface land and the mineral rights to be owned by different people or entities. Mineral rights at sea generally belong to governments. The law relating to ownership of minerals under the sea can be complicated and national rights can be a matter for international law, with some countries' rights extending hundreds of miles from the shoreline and others being quite restricted.
Onshore oil drilling rig
Oil companies often supplement the geological surveys with seismic surveys. These involve creating a loud bang by generating a small explosive charge. The resulting sound waves penetrate the rock layer and create echoes, which are recorded for detailed analysis. The echoes can indicate a great deal about the conditions under the rock, including the possible presence of oil.
Seismic survey ship
Ultimately, the only way to ensure that there are exploitable quantities of oil in a particular site is to drill an exploratory well. On land, this would involve building a drilling rig in place. At sea, this would require the use of a special ship or drilling rig that would be anchored in place during drilling operations. Drilling is always expensive and there is always a risk that the well will either turn out to be dry or to contain too little oil to be worth extracting.
The viability of an oil well can be affected by the price of oil. When oil prices rise it can become financially viable to spend more on extraction and transportation from a well that was previously classed as marginal or even unproductive.
If suitable oil reserves are found then the drilling rig is replaced by a production rig that is equipped to bring the oil to the surface and to pipe it to storage tanks or pipelines so that it can be collected and taken to the refinery.
Crude oil must usually be refined before it can be used. The only major exception being that some oil-fired electrical power stations can burn crude oil as fuel.
Oil refinery
Crude oil is a mixture of different grades of hydrocarbon. These can range from light and volatile fractions such as aviation fuel and petrol to heavier fluids such as diesel fuel and lubricants right down to heavy tars and bitumen. Refining involves separating crude oil into these different grades. Each oil field has its own unique mixture of different fractions, which affects the price.
For historical reasons, quantities of oil are measured in terms of 'barrels'. A barrel of oil is equivalent to 42 US gallons, which is roughly 159 litres. This measure dates from the times when oil was shipped in barrels, but this is no longer the case with the advent of pipelines and tankers.
The following information is extracted from Slide's corporate website:
Slide's business strategy
The oil industry distinguishes 'upstream' activity from 'midstream' and 'downstream'.
Upstream activities involve exploring for oil or gas and bringing potentially productive wells into production.
Midstream activities deal with the transportation of oil or gas to the refinery.
Downstream activities comprise the refining of the oil or the purifying of the gas and its subsequent distribution and sale to customers.
Slide's principal interest is in upstream activities. The company employs a number of leading experts in identifying suitable opportunities for the detection of exploitable oil reserves. It has developed its own models for the discovery of oil in areas that were previously considered to be of limited interest. As a result, Slide often operates in areas where there is limited competition for exploration rights. Slide is also good at finding ways to exploit marginal wells that other companies would regard as potentially unprofitable.
Once Slide has brought a well to production then it will sell the resulting crude oil downstream, but it tends to sell most of its oil wells so that it can release resources from operational wells and concentrate on fresh discoveries. Slide views its strengths as being upstream and so it leaves the midstream and downstream aspects of the industry to larger and more general oil companies.
Slide normally buys exploration rights to investigate on its own account. Slide also makes use of the arrangements to farm-out or farm-in exploration rights.
Farming-in and farming-out are common practices in the oil exploration industry. An oil company can farm-out by granting another company an agreed share of the revenues from a well. It may do so in return for a cash payment, but it is also quite common for the counterparty to this arrangement to offer a particular service instead, such as agreeing to conduct the seismic survey of the area. This means that both companies share the risks. The farm-out arrangement also means that there is less need to fund the costs of exploring and so cash flow is maintained.
A company might decide to farm-in as a speculative venture in order to participate in a successful exploration, or it may offer to farm-in on condition that the primary owner makes use of facilities that it owns, such as infrastructure to support exploration or midstream activities. For example, the company that decides to farm-in may make it a condition that the venture uses a particular subcontractor, in whom it has an interest, to provide the drilling equipment.
Oil companies often rely heavily on specialist subcontractors to supply equipment and operators. That may be because some companies operate in a variety of remote locations and it is cheaper to lease equipment that is already in that geographical region. There can also be a need for specialist skills in operating in particular climatic conditions or on particular geological structures.
Slide's strategy
Slide's main strategic priority is to maintain market dominance and become the world leader in oil exploration. The company requires continuing investment in new technology and in skilled employees.
Slides' directors have prepared the following outline SWOT analysis:
Mission
Slide aspires to become the most successful oil exploration company in the world, while contributing to the wellbeing of people and the environment.
Slide's strategic objectives for 2014/15 are:
Deliver a sustainable business
* Focus on exploration led growth
* Continue to investigate areas for fracking overseas
* Complete 2015 operations safely and without significant negative environmental impact Maintain a balanced portfolio
* Hold a balanced asset portfolio
* Maintain strong financial statements
Seek growth
* Continue to investigate areas for exploration and diversification
Our Goals
Summary of 2014/15 goals:
Deliver a sustainable business
* Preserve cash for future investments
Maintain a balanced portfolio
* Grow the reserves and resources base to provide the funding for future growth and cash flow Seek operational excellence
* Continue to improve on our operational efficiency
Fracking
Shale rock is found deep underground. This rock contains natural gases and crude oil. Advances in technology over the last ten years have meant that this oil and gas can be extracted from deep underground, even if the shale rock is in a populated area, including formations that extend underneath towns.
In the USA more than a quarter of all gas production comes from shale rock.
Extracting these minerals involves a process called 'fracking'. Fracking breaks up the shale rock, which releases the oil and gas. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is forced into the rock so that the oil and gas can seep out and be collected.
The oil and gas industry has dismissed claims that fracking is bad for the environment, although it is unlikely that the effects of the process are fully understood. One concern is the volume of water which is required in order to force the water mixture through the rock, another is whether the whole process could affect the stability of the surrounding rock. The oil and gas companies themselves admit in their annual reports that fracking is associated with risks of leaks, spills, explosions and environmental damage.
Widespread use of fracking has reduced the pressure on the USA to import oil and gas. Gas prices, in particular, fell in the USA over the past decade. The price of oil has taken longer to respond to this new source, but recent decreases in oil prices have been attributed in part to the flow of shale oil. Oil and gas from this source has been a huge source of revenue in the USA.
Kayland's government has been reluctant to allow widespread fracking due to uncertainty over the long term effects, but is interested in the potential revenue stream that could be obtained if fracking was successful. There have been protests outside the offices of many of the larger oil and gas companies because environmentalists claim that the ecosystem is being damaged by fracking and that the long term effects are unknown. However, Kayland's government has issued some licenses in recent months to large oil and gas exploration companies.
Oil and Gas Reserves
The most commonly accepted definitions of oil reserves are based on those approved by the oil industry in 2007. There are two major classifications of reserves: proven and unproven.
Proven Reserves
Proven reserves are those reserves claimed to have a reasonable certainty, at least 90% confidence, of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, with existing technology. Industry specialists refer to this as "P90" or "1P".
Unproven reserves
Unproven reserves are based on the same type of geological data that are used to estimate proven reserves. However there are technical, contractual, or regulatory uncertainties that prevent the reserves being classified as proven. Unproven reserves are useful for oil companies for future planning purposes. There are two classifications for unproven reserves, probable and possible.
* Probable reserves are reserves which have a 50% confidence level of recovery. The oil industry refers to them as "P50" as they have a 50% certainty of being produced or 2P (proven plus probable).
* Possible reserves are reserves that have a less likely chance of being recovered than probable reserves. These reserves usually have at least a 10% certainty of being produced and are known as "P10" or "3P" (proven plus probable plus possible). Two of the reasons that reserves could be classified as possible are geologists not agreeing on the likelihood of oil and reserves not able to be produced at a commercial rate.
By definition, a reserve must meet four criteria:
1. Discovered - one or more exploratory wells must have been drilled to confirm that oil is actually present.
2. Recoverable - there must be sufficient oil present to make extraction a realistic possibility.
3. Commercial - there should be a firm intention to extract the oil, thereby indicating that it can be recovered and transported from its present location.
4. Remaining - remaining reserves are technically capable of extraction and their potential extraction is deemed profitable.
For example, it would be possible to be certain that there is a reservoir of oil in a particular location, but for that oil to be inaccessible using current technology or it could be accessible, but the cost of recovery could be excessive for the quantity of oil.
Accumulations that are known, but that cannot be recovered because of commercial considerations are known as 'contingent resources' and are not included in reserves.
Accumulations that are thought to exist and to be potentially recoverable but that have yet to be discovered are known as 'prospective resources'.
Slide's corporate social responsibility statement
Protecting the environment is a key issue for Slide. Slide is an enthusiastic supporter of sustainable development in the oil and gas industry. Slide is determined to use natural resources efficiently while reducing carbon emissions in order to minimise the impact on the environment while still meeting demand for energy.
Climate change and the protection of the environment continue to be among key sustainable development issues in the oil and gas industry. The industry is focused on efficient use of natural resources, the reduction of carbon emissions, and mitigating the impact on the environment while meeting the world's growing energy needs.
We are concerned that oil leakage and seepage can affect people, wildlife and fish near our sites and work hard to reduce the risks to them. We constantly monitor the environment close to our sites and take immediate action if there are traces of oil found in the surrounding area. We have reduced the number of instances of this problem and last year were pleased to note there were no reported oil leaks caused by our exploration or extraction that required treatment. We are proud of our reputation in the oil industry for caring for the environment.
Carbon emissions are a huge concern for Slide and we make efforts to report these in our annual report and to reduce them each year. We have spent over K$5 million on a new data collection system which will enable us to more accurately measure carbon emissions.
Many of the processes utilised in extraction and production use water which is a scarce resource in many countries. In order to avoid depleting this resource we have taken steps to ensure, whenever possible, that we recycle water and use that in our processes. We also support a charity which helps to provide fresh water in rural areas in some of the areas of the world most affected by water shortages. We provide expert advice from our engineers and geologists as well as practical assistance and donations.
Slide is most concerned for the health and safety of the workforce and others who live close enough to be affected by our processes. We are constantly looking at the health and safety risks and updating our mitigation procedures to reduce accidents and increase our response to them. This is one of our highest priority risks as extraction and exploration is carried out in remote areas which can be difficult to reach. We have spent over K$10 million on training for medical and rescue teams in order to ensure assistance is available for both minor and major issues. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
16 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Slide's Board of Directors
Andrew Jones, Chief Executive Officer
Andrew is a member of the founder's family and took over the position in 1998.
Andrew is an Oil and Gas Engineer with a Masters degree in Oil and Gas Engineering. He also has a Master in Business Administration degree from a well-known university in the United States.
Andrew has been credited with driving the company forward to explore for oil in very remote areas with great success.
William Seaton, Finance Director
William has been the Finance Director for six years.
William is an accountancy graduate and is a professionally qualified accountant. He has held senior positions in accounting and finance at two oil exploration companies and was the Finance Director of a large oil company in Africa before he joined Slide as Finance Director.
Vickram De, Director of Innovation
Vickram serves as Director of Innovation and has held this position for two years.
Vickram has a Master of Science degree in Geology and Oil Engineering Design.
Vickram has introduced many innovative ideas for oil extraction which have helped Slide become a leader in innovative practices in the oil industry. His techniques have enabled Slide to buy unproductive wells from other oil companies cheaply and use Vickram's system of pumping water at high pressure into dormant wells to force oil to the surface. His techniques are widely used in the industry now but he has improved them significantly lately so we are still the leader in the field.
Wilma Descouteau, Extraction Director
Wilma has been Slide's Extraction Director since 2008. She has a PhD in Oil and Gas Engineering. She was a senior Project Manager in several large extraction projects over a period of eight years. She was a Project Manager with a large French refinery for the previous five years and before that worked in oil extraction projects in the North Sea off the shores of Scotland for six years.
Victor Bogdanovitch, Exploration Director
Victor Bogdanovitch has been Slide's Exploration Director for four years. Victor has a Master of Geology degree from a major Russian university. He worked in oil exploration in Siberia for ten years before he joined Slide in 2007.
Victor joined Slide to look for potential exploration sites as he had been successful in his previous company and had successfully managed a significant project to explore and extract oil off Siberia. He was made a Director after finding and managing a successful site with huge proven reserves for Slide in 2009. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
17 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
James Peterson - Non-executive Chairman
James Peterson has been Slide's Non-executive Chairman since 2013. He was previously Chief Executive of a major Public Relations company. He has served as Human Resource Director of two other quoted companies during his long and successful career.
James has a Master of Arts degree in Human Resources and Sociology.
James chairs both the Audit and Remuneration Committees.
Sunny Tang - Non-executive Director
Sunny has no experience of the oil industry but has been a successful Finance Director for two media companies for over twenty years.
He is a qualified accountant and has been a Non-executive Director of Slide for two years.
He sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration Committees.
Anne Taylor - Non-executive Director
Anne Taylor has been a Non-executive Director since 2013. She has a background in human resource management and has held senior managerial positions with a number of companies in a variety of industries.
Anne sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration committees.
Sanje Lee - Non-executive Director
Sanje Lee has been a Non-executive Director since 2011. He has had a long career in the petroleum industry. He served as Director of Technical Operations in Fouce for five years before Fouce asked him to become a Non-executive Director of Slide.
Sanje moved to Kayland upon his appointment as a Non-executive Director.
Sanje has a Master of Science degree in Petroleum Technology and a Master of Business Administration degree.
Sanje sits on both the Audit and Remuneration Committees.
Dina Viraj - Non-executive Director
Dina has been a Non-executive Director since 2010. She was previously on the Board of Fouce, and has been selected by Fouce to be a Non-executive Director of Slide. Dina has a Doctorate in Oil and Gas Geology and worked in the field for 15 years.
Dina moved to Kayland upon her appointment as a Non-executive Director. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
18 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Directors' remuneration
The Remuneration Committee comprises James Peterson, Sunny Tang, Anne Taylor and Sanje Lee. The committee met six times during the financial year ended 31 December 2014.
All Executive Directors receive an annual salary that is intended to be competitive in order to attract and retain suitable Board members. The salary level is decided by the Remuneration Committee, taking account of each individual's role and experience and the comparable rates offered for equivalent positions. Annual salary increases are generally in line with those offered to employees in general, although there is scope for a more substantial increase in order to reflect any additional responsibilities.
Executive Directors also participate in an annual bonus scheme, again administered by the Remuneration Committee. The total bonus payable is capped at 100% of annual salary. The actual level of bonus awarded is determined by a combination of collective and individual factors.
The collective factors are based upon achievement as measured in terms of Slide's key KPIs:
* Exploration targets, such as meeting drilling targets
* Development and production targets
* Health and safety
The remainder of the bonus is based on each Director's achievement of personal objectives, as relevant to his or her role in the business.
The KPI targets associated with bonuses are specified at the beginning of each year and are communicated to the Board. A sliding scale is applied to each element of the KPI targets, linked to actual success in achieving targets.
The annual bonus is paid at the conclusion of each financial year. Bonuses can be clawed back for up to two years in the event of specific conditions such as the discovery of a material error in the figures upon which performance was assessed.
There is also a long-term incentive scheme for Executive Directors. This is also administered by the Remuneration Committee. An amount of up to 300% of annual salary can be awarded in respect of exceptional performance. In this context, 'exceptional' is defined in terms of the same measures as the annual bonus, but with more demanding criteria, which are also predetermined at the start of each year and communicated to the Directors. The long-term incentive takes the form of shares and share options that are granted at the end of each year, but which do not vest until three years have passed. Any unvested awards lapse when a Director leaves the company.
The Non-executive Directors receive an annual fee for their services, along with an additional fee for participating in any Board committees. The level of fee is set at a level that attracts and retains good people.
Sanje Lee and Dina Viraj do not receive any fees or salaries from Slide. Their remuneration is both determined by and paid by Fouce.
Topic 2, Slide Company
Pre-seen case study
You are a senior Finance Manager who works for the Slide Group ('Slide'). You report directly to the parent company's Board and advise on special projects and strategic matters. You have compiled the following facts about the company.
Slide - company Background
Slide was founded in 1954 by Henry Jones. His family owned a large piece of land on a Caribbean Island and a chance discovery revealed the possibility of oil deposits under that land. The family registered Slide as a company to raise finance in order to explore this opportunity and the subsequent find exceeded all expectations.
The success of this first venture encouraged the Jones family, who owned 75% of Slide's equity shares at that time, to purchase oil exploration rights and to conduct exploratory drilling. The company soon developed considerable expertise in the successful purchase and exploitation of exploration rights.
Henry Jones' family lived in Kayland, a European country. Slide was listed on Kayland's stock exchange in 1965. Henry Jones was Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Slide until 1976. He was replaced by his son, Michael, who served as CEO until 1998. Michael's nephew, Andrew Jones, took over and continues as CEO.
Over the years, the ownership interest of the founding family has declined. Some of their shares were placed on the stock exchange when the company was first listed. Since then, various holdings have been sold. By 2015, Andrew Jones retained 10% of the issued equity and a further 8% was retained by a number of other relatives.
Fouce Oil, an Asian company based in Country C and listed on C's stock market, purchased 25% of Slide's equity in 2010. At the time, Fouce Oil made a formal public announcement that it would not purchase further equity shares in Slide. In response to this assurance, Fouce Oil has the right to select two Non-executive Directors to serve on Slide's Board.
The Slide Group has wholly owned subsidiaries operating in seven countries around the world. Each subsidiary is responsible for acquiring oil exploration rights in its host country and arranging for the necessary work to be undertaken in order to explore for oil.
Kayland's home currency is the K$.
The oil industry operates on a global basis and virtually all transactions are priced in terms of United States Dollar (USD). Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
3 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Oil Exploration
Crude oil is created by natural processes. Organic matter that is trapped underground and compressed while it decomposes can form pools of crude oil over a period of millions of years. The time taken for oil to be created through this process means that it is effectively irreplaceable once it has been extracted and consumed.
Natural gas is formed by the same process. Oil wells often have a pocket of gas trapped above the well. The pressure from the gas can be used to force oil to the surface once a well has been drilled into the rock.
Natural gas can be collected and distributed as a fuel or it can sometimes be regarded as a by-product of oil.
The process of searching for oil requires an understanding of geology. Geologists have discovered that certain types of rock formations are associated with the presence of oil. Geologists conduct surveys that include the analysis of the fossils that can indicate that an area was once rich in the plant and animal life that could have provided the organic matter required for the creation of oil.
Oil fields can be discovered on land or under the sea. Exploration and drilling for oil is possible in either setting, with each offering its own challenges.
If an oil company believes that an area is worth exploring then it must seek permission from the owner of the mineral rights, who is not necessarily the owner of that land or stretch of water at surface level. In some countries the government owns all mineral rights. In other countries it is possible for the surface land and the mineral rights to be owned by different people or entities. Mineral rights at sea generally belong to governments. The law relating to ownership of minerals under the sea can be complicated and national rights can be a matter for international law, with some countries' rights extending hundreds of miles from the shoreline and others being quite restricted.
Onshore oil drilling rig
Oil companies often supplement the geological surveys with seismic surveys. These involve creating a loud bang by generating a small explosive charge. The resulting sound waves penetrate the rock layer and create echoes, which are recorded for detailed analysis. The echoes can indicate a great deal about the conditions under the rock, including the possible presence of oil.
Seismic survey ship
Ultimately, the only way to ensure that there are exploitable quantities of oil in a particular site is to drill an exploratory well. On land, this would involve building a drilling rig in place. At sea, this would require the use of a special ship or drilling rig that would be anchored in place during drilling operations. Drilling is always expensive and there is always a risk that the well will either turn out to be dry or to contain too little oil to be worth extracting.
The viability of an oil well can be affected by the price of oil. When oil prices rise it can become financially viable to spend more on extraction and transportation from a well that was previously classed as marginal or even unproductive.
If suitable oil reserves are found then the drilling rig is replaced by a production rig that is equipped to bring the oil to the surface and to pipe it to storage tanks or pipelines so that it can be collected and taken to the refinery.
Crude oil must usually be refined before it can be used. The only major exception being that some oil-fired electrical power stations can burn crude oil as fuel.
Oil refinery
Crude oil is a mixture of different grades of hydrocarbon. These can range from light and volatile fractions such as aviation fuel and petrol to heavier fluids such as diesel fuel and lubricants right down to heavy tars and bitumen. Refining involves separating crude oil into these different grades. Each oil field has its own unique mixture of different fractions, which affects the price.
For historical reasons, quantities of oil are measured in terms of 'barrels'. A barrel of oil is equivalent to 42 US gallons, which is roughly 159 litres. This measure dates from the times when oil was shipped in barrels, but this is no longer the case with the advent of pipelines and tankers.
The following information is extracted from Slide's corporate website:
Slide's business strategy
The oil industry distinguishes 'upstream' activity from 'midstream' and 'downstream'.
Upstream activities involve exploring for oil or gas and bringing potentially productive wells into production.
Midstream activities deal with the transportation of oil or gas to the refinery.
Downstream activities comprise the refining of the oil or the purifying of the gas and its subsequent distribution and sale to customers.
Slide's principal interest is in upstream activities. The company employs a number of leading experts in identifying suitable opportunities for the detection of exploitable oil reserves. It has developed its own models for the discovery of oil in areas that were previously considered to be of limited interest. As a result, Slide often operates in areas where there is limited competition for exploration rights. Slide is also good at finding ways to exploit marginal wells that other companies would regard as potentially unprofitable.
Once Slide has brought a well to production then it will sell the resulting crude oil downstream, but it tends to sell most of its oil wells so that it can release resources from operational wells and concentrate on fresh discoveries. Slide views its strengths as being upstream and so it leaves the midstream and downstream aspects of the industry to larger and more general oil companies.
Slide normally buys exploration rights to investigate on its own account. Slide also makes use of the arrangements to farm-out or farm-in exploration rights.
Farming-in and farming-out are common practices in the oil exploration industry. An oil company can farm-out by granting another company an agreed share of the revenues from a well. It may do so in return for a cash payment, but it is also quite common for the counterparty to this arrangement to offer a particular service instead, such as agreeing to conduct the seismic survey of the area. This means that both companies share the risks. The farm-out arrangement also means that there is less need to fund the costs of exploring and so cash flow is maintained.
A company might decide to farm-in as a speculative venture in order to participate in a successful exploration, or it may offer to farm-in on condition that the primary owner makes use of facilities that it owns, such as infrastructure to support exploration or midstream activities. For example, the company that decides to farm-in may make it a condition that the venture uses a particular subcontractor, in whom it has an interest, to provide the drilling equipment.
Oil companies often rely heavily on specialist subcontractors to supply equipment and operators. That may be because some companies operate in a variety of remote locations and it is cheaper to lease equipment that is already in that geographical region. There can also be a need for specialist skills in operating in particular climatic conditions or on particular geological structures.
Slide's strategy
Slide's main strategic priority is to maintain market dominance and become the world leader in oil exploration. The company requires continuing investment in new technology and in skilled employees.
Slides' directors have prepared the following outline SWOT analysis:
Mission
Slide aspires to become the most successful oil exploration company in the world, while contributing to the wellbeing of people and the environment.
Slide's strategic objectives for 2014/15 are:
Deliver a sustainable business
* Focus on exploration led growth
* Continue to investigate areas for fracking overseas
* Complete 2015 operations safely and without significant negative environmental impact Maintain a balanced portfolio
* Hold a balanced asset portfolio
* Maintain strong financial statements
Seek growth
* Continue to investigate areas for exploration and diversification
Our Goals
Summary of 2014/15 goals:
Deliver a sustainable business
* Preserve cash for future investments
Maintain a balanced portfolio
* Grow the reserves and resources base to provide the funding for future growth and cash flow Seek operational excellence
* Continue to improve on our operational efficiency
Fracking
Shale rock is found deep underground. This rock contains natural gases and crude oil. Advances in technology over the last ten years have meant that this oil and gas can be extracted from deep underground, even if the shale rock is in a populated area, including formations that extend underneath towns.
In the USA more than a quarter of all gas production comes from shale rock.
Extracting these minerals involves a process called 'fracking'. Fracking breaks up the shale rock, which releases the oil and gas. Water mixed with sand and chemicals is forced into the rock so that the oil and gas can seep out and be collected.
The oil and gas industry has dismissed claims that fracking is bad for the environment, although it is unlikely that the effects of the process are fully understood. One concern is the volume of water which is required in order to force the water mixture through the rock, another is whether the whole process could affect the stability of the surrounding rock. The oil and gas companies themselves admit in their annual reports that fracking is associated with risks of leaks, spills, explosions and environmental damage.
Widespread use of fracking has reduced the pressure on the USA to import oil and gas. Gas prices, in particular, fell in the USA over the past decade. The price of oil has taken longer to respond to this new source, but recent decreases in oil prices have been attributed in part to the flow of shale oil. Oil and gas from this source has been a huge source of revenue in the USA.
Kayland's government has been reluctant to allow widespread fracking due to uncertainty over the long term effects, but is interested in the potential revenue stream that could be obtained if fracking was successful. There have been protests outside the offices of many of the larger oil and gas companies because environmentalists claim that the ecosystem is being damaged by fracking and that the long term effects are unknown. However, Kayland's government has issued some licenses in recent months to large oil and gas exploration companies.
Oil and Gas Reserves
The most commonly accepted definitions of oil reserves are based on those approved by the oil industry in 2007. There are two major classifications of reserves: proven and unproven.
Proven Reserves
Proven reserves are those reserves claimed to have a reasonable certainty, at least 90% confidence, of being recoverable under existing economic and political conditions, with existing technology. Industry specialists refer to this as "P90" or "1P".
Unproven reserves
Unproven reserves are based on the same type of geological data that are used to estimate proven reserves. However there are technical, contractual, or regulatory uncertainties that prevent the reserves being classified as proven. Unproven reserves are useful for oil companies for future planning purposes. There are two classifications for unproven reserves, probable and possible.
* Probable reserves are reserves which have a 50% confidence level of recovery. The oil industry refers to them as "P50" as they have a 50% certainty of being produced or 2P (proven plus probable).
* Possible reserves are reserves that have a less likely chance of being recovered than probable reserves. These reserves usually have at least a 10% certainty of being produced and are known as "P10" or "3P" (proven plus probable plus possible). Two of the reasons that reserves could be classified as possible are geologists not agreeing on the likelihood of oil and reserves not able to be produced at a commercial rate.
By definition, a reserve must meet four criteria:
1. Discovered - one or more exploratory wells must have been drilled to confirm that oil is actually present.
2. Recoverable - there must be sufficient oil present to make extraction a realistic possibility.
3. Commercial - there should be a firm intention to extract the oil, thereby indicating that it can be recovered and transported from its present location.
4. Remaining - remaining reserves are technically capable of extraction and their potential extraction is deemed profitable.
For example, it would be possible to be certain that there is a reservoir of oil in a particular location, but for that oil to be inaccessible using current technology or it could be accessible, but the cost of recovery could be excessive for the quantity of oil.
Accumulations that are known, but that cannot be recovered because of commercial considerations are known as 'contingent resources' and are not included in reserves.
Accumulations that are thought to exist and to be potentially recoverable but that have yet to be discovered are known as 'prospective resources'.
Slide's corporate social responsibility statement
Protecting the environment is a key issue for Slide. Slide is an enthusiastic supporter of sustainable development in the oil and gas industry. Slide is determined to use natural resources efficiently while reducing carbon emissions in order to minimise the impact on the environment while still meeting demand for energy.
Climate change and the protection of the environment continue to be among key sustainable development issues in the oil and gas industry. The industry is focused on efficient use of natural resources, the reduction of carbon emissions, and mitigating the impact on the environment while meeting the world's growing energy needs.
We are concerned that oil leakage and seepage can affect people, wildlife and fish near our sites and work hard to reduce the risks to them. We constantly monitor the environment close to our sites and take immediate action if there are traces of oil found in the surrounding area. We have reduced the number of instances of this problem and last year were pleased to note there were no reported oil leaks caused by our exploration or extraction that required treatment. We are proud of our reputation in the oil industry for caring for the environment.
Carbon emissions are a huge concern for Slide and we make efforts to report these in our annual report and to reduce them each year. We have spent over K$5 million on a new data collection system which will enable us to more accurately measure carbon emissions.
Many of the processes utilised in extraction and production use water which is a scarce resource in many countries. In order to avoid depleting this resource we have taken steps to ensure, whenever possible, that we recycle water and use that in our processes. We also support a charity which helps to provide fresh water in rural areas in some of the areas of the world most affected by water shortages. We provide expert advice from our engineers and geologists as well as practical assistance and donations.
Slide is most concerned for the health and safety of the workforce and others who live close enough to be affected by our processes. We are constantly looking at the health and safety risks and updating our mitigation procedures to reduce accidents and increase our response to them. This is one of our highest priority risks as extraction and exploration is carried out in remote areas which can be difficult to reach. We have spent over K$10 million on training for medical and rescue teams in order to ensure assistance is available for both minor and major issues. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
16 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Slide's Board of Directors
Andrew Jones, Chief Executive Officer
Andrew is a member of the founder's family and took over the position in 1998.
Andrew is an Oil and Gas Engineer with a Masters degree in Oil and Gas Engineering. He also has a Master in Business Administration degree from a well-known university in the United States.
Andrew has been credited with driving the company forward to explore for oil in very remote areas with great success.
William Seaton, Finance Director
William has been the Finance Director for six years.
William is an accountancy graduate and is a professionally qualified accountant. He has held senior positions in accounting and finance at two oil exploration companies and was the Finance Director of a large oil company in Africa before he joined Slide as Finance Director.
Vickram De, Director of Innovation
Vickram serves as Director of Innovation and has held this position for two years.
Vickram has a Master of Science degree in Geology and Oil Engineering Design.
Vickram has introduced many innovative ideas for oil extraction which have helped Slide become a leader in innovative practices in the oil industry. His techniques have enabled Slide to buy unproductive wells from other oil companies cheaply and use Vickram's system of pumping water at high pressure into dormant wells to force oil to the surface. His techniques are widely used in the industry now but he has improved them significantly lately so we are still the leader in the field.
Wilma Descouteau, Extraction Director
Wilma has been Slide's Extraction Director since 2008. She has a PhD in Oil and Gas Engineering. She was a senior Project Manager in several large extraction projects over a period of eight years. She was a Project Manager with a large French refinery for the previous five years and before that worked in oil extraction projects in the North Sea off the shores of Scotland for six years.
Victor Bogdanovitch, Exploration Director
Victor Bogdanovitch has been Slide's Exploration Director for four years. Victor has a Master of Geology degree from a major Russian university. He worked in oil exploration in Siberia for ten years before he joined Slide in 2007.
Victor joined Slide to look for potential exploration sites as he had been successful in his previous company and had successfully managed a significant project to explore and extract oil off Siberia. He was made a Director after finding and managing a successful site with huge proven reserves for Slide in 2009. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
17 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
James Peterson - Non-executive Chairman
James Peterson has been Slide's Non-executive Chairman since 2013. He was previously Chief Executive of a major Public Relations company. He has served as Human Resource Director of two other quoted companies during his long and successful career.
James has a Master of Arts degree in Human Resources and Sociology.
James chairs both the Audit and Remuneration Committees.
Sunny Tang - Non-executive Director
Sunny has no experience of the oil industry but has been a successful Finance Director for two media companies for over twenty years.
He is a qualified accountant and has been a Non-executive Director of Slide for two years.
He sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration Committees.
Anne Taylor - Non-executive Director
Anne Taylor has been a Non-executive Director since 2013. She has a background in human resource management and has held senior managerial positions with a number of companies in a variety of industries.
Anne sits on both the Nomination and Remuneration committees.
Sanje Lee - Non-executive Director
Sanje Lee has been a Non-executive Director since 2011. He has had a long career in the petroleum industry. He served as Director of Technical Operations in Fouce for five years before Fouce asked him to become a Non-executive Director of Slide.
Sanje moved to Kayland upon his appointment as a Non-executive Director.
Sanje has a Master of Science degree in Petroleum Technology and a Master of Business Administration degree.
Sanje sits on both the Audit and Remuneration Committees.
Dina Viraj - Non-executive Director
Dina has been a Non-executive Director since 2010. She was previously on the Board of Fouce, and has been selected by Fouce to be a Non-executive Director of Slide. Dina has a Doctorate in Oil and Gas Geology and worked in the field for 15 years.
Dina moved to Kayland upon her appointment as a Non-executive Director. Strategic case study exam - May 2015 - pre-seen materials
18 CIMA 2015. No reproduction without prior consent
Directors' remuneration
The Remuneration Committee comprises James Peterson, Sunny Tang, Anne Taylor and Sanje Lee. The committee met six times during the financial year ended 31 December 2014.
All Executive Directors receive an annual salary that is intended to be competitive in order to attract and retain suitable Board members. The salary level is decided by the Remuneration Committee, taking account of each individual's role and experience and the comparable rates offered for equivalent positions. Annual salary increases are generally in line with those offered to employees in general, although there is scope for a more substantial increase in order to reflect any additional responsibilities.
Executive Directors also participate in an annual bonus scheme, again administered by the Remuneration Committee. The total bonus payable is capped at 100% of annual salary. The actual level of bonus awarded is determined by a combination of collective and individual factors.
The collective factors are based upon achievement as measured in terms of Slide's key KPIs:
* Exploration targets, such as meeting drilling targets
* Development and production targets
* Health and safety
The remainder of the bonus is based on each Director's achievement of personal objectives, as relevant to his or her role in the business.
The KPI targets associated with bonuses are specified at the beginning of each year and are communicated to the Board. A sliding scale is applied to each element of the KPI targets, linked to actual success in achieving targets.
The annual bonus is paid at the conclusion of each financial year. Bonuses can be clawed back for up to two years in the event of specific conditions such as the discovery of a material error in the figures upon which performance was assessed.
There is also a long-term incentive scheme for Executive Directors. This is also administered by the Remuneration Committee. An amount of up to 300% of annual salary can be awarded in respect of exceptional performance. In this context, 'exceptional' is defined in terms of the same measures as the annual bonus, but with more demanding criteria, which are also predetermined at the start of each year and communicated to the Directors. The long-term incentive takes the form of shares and share options that are granted at the end of each year, but which do not vest until three years have passed. Any unvested awards lapse when a Director leaves the company.
The Non-executive Directors receive an annual fee for their services, along with an additional fee for participating in any Board committees. The level of fee is set at a level that attracts and retains good people.
Sanje Lee and Dina Viraj do not receive any fees or salaries from Slide. Their remuneration is both determined by and paid by Fouce.